This common defense is often irrelevant. Many states have “strict liability” laws where the owner is responsible for a bite even if the dog had no prior vicious history. In other states, you can still prove the owner was negligent—for example, by violating a leash law or failing to control their pet in a situation where any reasonable owner would have. The focus is on the owner’s duty of care at the time of the incident, not solely the dog’s past.

Yes, photos from a modern smartphone are perfectly acceptable and highly effective. Ensure your phone’s date and time stamps are correct, as this metadata is automatically recorded. Use the highest resolution setting and ensure images are clear and in focus. Avoid using filters or editing the photos. The authenticity of the original, unaltered image file is what makes it compelling evidence for investigators and insurance adjusters.

You should obtain a detailed, written estimate from a licensed, reputable contractor—not the insurance company or the at-fault party’s adjuster. An independent contractor works for you and has a duty to provide a complete scope of work based on current market rates. Their estimate reflects the true cost to fix the damage properly. Relying on the other side’s estimate often results in a lowball figure that excludes necessary repairs or uses subpar materials.