You prove it by gathering and presenting clear evidence. This includes photographs of the hazard or accident scene, official reports (like police or incident reports), witness statements, expert testimony (e.g., from an accident reconstruction specialist), and maintenance records. This evidence must collectively tell a clear story: the defendant created an unreasonable risk or failed in a duty of care, and that specific failure directly caused your specific injuries.

The consequences are almost always financial or injunctive, not punitive in a criminal sense. The losing party (defendant) is typically ordered to pay money (damages) to the winning party (plaintiff) to compensate for losses like medical bills, lost income, or property damage. Sometimes, the court may order the defendant to do or stop doing a specific action. There is no threat of imprisonment, probation, or a criminal record from a standard civil liability judgment.

Claims against businesses, municipalities, or government agencies are highly complex. These entities have teams of lawyers and strict, short deadlines for filing official notices of claim that you must follow exactly. Missing a deadline by one day can destroy your case. They also have legal protections and immunity doctrines. A lawyer knows these special rules, ensures all paperwork is filed correctly and on time, and levels the playing field against their well-resourced legal departments.